In real (inflation/deflation-adjusted) terms, when did the US market permanently regain the high reached in 1929? Here is a chart that illustrates two answers to the question. One uses the real price and the other uses the real total return.
I've used the S&P Composite for this exercise — a splicing of the S&P 500, which was created in March 1957, and the earlier S&P 90 Stock Composite Index, a daily index that dates from January 1928. The chart is based on daily data for the price and the estimated total return calculated with daily interpolations based on quarterly dividends).
For the S&P Composite, the price didn't permanently remain above the 1929 peak until December 1985 — over 56 years later. The total return, with dividends reinvested, took nearly 20 years to achieve the same distinction.
Will the secular bear market that began in 2000 have the same total-return success when the S&P 500 eventually breaks even? Given the much lower dividend yield over the past decades, the prospects aren't encouraging.
Let's look at four charts that overlay two secular bear markets. One is the Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. The other begins in March 2000 at the top of the Tech Bubble. The first chart shows the nominal price excluding dividends.
The Crash of 1929 was a much steeper decline, but the low in 2009 took us to approximately the same percentage loss as the equivalent period during the Great Depression.
Adjust for Inflation/Deflation
Many people don't realize that the cyclical bear market that began in 2007 is a continuation of the 2000 bear because in nominal terms the index peak in 2007 was a couple percentage points above the 2000 high. The next chart adjusts for inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index. With this chart, it becomes clearer that the Tech Crash was the beginning of a secular bear market that is still ongoing. We also see that the low in 2009 actually took the market lower than the same point during the Great Depression.
Nominal Total Returns
The next two charts offer comparisons of total returns with dividends reinvested. The first is based on nominal prices (no inflation adjustment). Again we see that the 2009 low was below the comparable period during the Depression era.
Real Total Returns
The final chart in our series gives the most disturbing comparison of these two epic bear markets. Here we see the total returns adjusted for inflation (or deflation in the case of the earlier period). For the past 21 months, the secular bear market that began in 2000 has substantially underperformed the equivalent timeframe during the Great Depression.
A Footnote on Inflation/Deflation Adjustment
Since the early days of World War II, with minor exceptions, increasing price levels (aka inflation) have been the standard expectation. Thus the adjustment we make to approximate real prices is labeled an "inflation" adjustment. In prior decades, however, deflation was commonplace, especially during the Great Depression (illustrated here). Thus the counterintuitive result of adjusting for deflation is that the real price is higher than the nominal price. This adjustment, together with the much higher dividend yields during the Great Depression (see this illustration), explains the rather stunning truth that since around the time of the Lehman collapse in 2008, the market has underperformed the matching timeframe of the Great Depression.
This post previously appeared on the author's blog Dshort.com >
